Whether you’re considering a career in trucking or you’re a seasoned driver looking to expand your driving qualifications, understanding CDL (Commercial Driver’s License) types and endorsements is essential to success.
Different license classes and endorsements determine what types of vehicles you can operate and what cargo you can transport, which can have a major impact on your income, schedule, and work/life balance.
Keep reading to learn more about different CDL license classifications, available endorsements, and the necessary steps to obtain them.
CDL License Classes
Class A CDL
A Class A CDL allows drivers to operate combination vehicles with a Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, provided the towed vehicle exceeds 10,000 pounds. Common vehicles driven with a Class A CDL include:
- Tractor-trailers (semi-trucks)
- Tanker vehicles
- Flatbeds
- Livestock carriers
Holding a Class A CDL can also allow you to drive certain Class B and C vehicles with proper endorsements.
Class B CDL
A Class B CDL is required for single vehicles with a GCWR of 26,001 pounds or more, or any vehicle towing another vehicle not exceeding 10,000 pounds. Common vehicles driven with a Class B CDL include:
- Straight trucks
- Large buses (city, school, or tour buses)
- Box trucks (delivery trucks, dump trucks)
- Segmented buses
Some Class B drivers may also be able to operate specific Class C vehicles with endorsements.
Class C CDL
A Class C CDL is required for vehicles that do not meet Class A or B requirements but are designed to transport hazardous materials or 16 or more passengers (including the driver). Common vehicles driven with a Class C CDL include:
- Passenger vans
- Small HazMat (hazardous materials) vehicles
- Certain school or shuttle buses
CDL Endorsements and Restrictions
CDL endorsements allow drivers to transport specialized cargo or operate specific types of commercial vehicles. Gaining endorsements can help you become a more competitive candidate when looking for a career in commercial driving.
Here are the most common endorsements and what they allow:
- H – Hazardous Materials (HazMat): Required for transporting hazardous materials such as chemicals, gases, or explosives. Obtaining this endorsement requires a TSA background check and passing a written exam.
- N – Tank Vehicles (Tankers): Required for driving a vehicle designed to transport liquids or gases in a tank. This includes tanker trucks and fuel transporters. Requires a written test.
- P – Passenger Transport: Necessary for operating commercial vehicles designed to carry 16 or more passengers, such as buses and shuttles. Requires a written and skills test.
- S – School Bus: Required for operating a school bus. Drivers must pass a written test, skills test, and additional background checks, often including a check with the local Department of Education.
- T – Double/Triple Trailers: Allows drivers to operate vehicles towing two or three trailers. This requires a written test and is only available to Class A CDL holders.
- X – Tanker and HazMat Combined: A combination of the Tanker (N) and Hazardous Materials (H) endorsements, allowing drivers to transport hazardous liquids or gases. Requires both a written test and a TSA background check.
How to Obtain a CDL and Endorsements
Meet the Basic Requirements
To qualify for a CDL, you must:
- Be at least 18 years old for intrastate driving and 21 for interstate driving or hazardous materials transport.
- Have a valid, non-commercial driver’s license.
- Provide proof of residency and legal authorization to work in the U.S.
Obtain a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP)
Before taking the CDL skills test, you must obtain a CLP by:
- Passing a written knowledge test covering general trucking knowledge, vehicle operation, and regulations.
- Passing a vision exam.
- Holding the CLP for at least 14 days before taking the CDL skills test.
Complete CDL Training (Optional but Recommended)
Many new drivers enroll in a truck driving school or CDL training program to gain hands-on experience and prepare for the required tests. Although there are pros and cons to CDL training courses, such as the upfront cost and time requirement, they can be beneficial to finding a steady, well-paying career.
Pass the CDL Skills Test
The CDL skills test includes:
- Pre-trip inspection: Demonstrating knowledge of vehicle safety checks.
- Basic control test: Maneuvering the vehicle in a controlled area.
- Road test: Driving on public roads under various conditions.
Obtain Additional Endorsements (If needed)
As mentioned before, if you want to add endorsements, you will need to pass additional written exams, and in some cases, skills tests or background checks.
Maintain and Renew Your CDL
CDL holders must renew their licenses periodically, following state-specific regulations. Some endorsements, like HazMat, require periodic background checks and retesting.
It is essential to always stay updated on regulatory changes and training requirements.
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